In “Real-Time Situational Awareness in Public Safety and Transportation,” we discussed that to achieve real-time situational awareness for the transportation and public safety sectors, end users need access to data that will allow them to track what is happening, where it is happening, and how the situation is developing, all in the moment they need the information. This level of awareness requires interoperability, which is the ability of servers, radios, sensors, video services, and other systems and protocols to talk to each other and then deliver the information to an agency or individual in a way they can consume it—regardless of the application they are using. In this article, we’ll discuss our approach to the data interoperability challenge by breaking it into three layers: data, integration, and presentation. We’ll also discuss how you can use this framework to begin planning your interoperability model. By following this approach, you’ll better understand how interoperability implementation works and how each layer supports an end-to-end solution—from the data source to the end user.
Three Layers of Interoperability
The interoperability layers are shown in Figure 1. The bottom layer addresses the different forms of data in their source locations; the middle layer focuses on the integration of that data into a standardized, consumable format; and the top layer serves as the presentation layer, where the final information is received by the end user. 
Figure 1. Three Layer Interoperability Concept Overview
The Data Layer
Depending upon the industry, a data layer can be made up of custom databases, video, sensors, maps, protocols, radio services, and other systems. For a transportation agency, this might include the radios employees use to communicate with one another; video cameras along the highway; and databases housing various data on fleets, facilities, operations, and so on. Originally designed as standalone systems, many of these legacy systems have no way to communicate with each other. For example, a transportation department’s video network may be able to deliver video and information to other users within the agency but may not be able to deliver that same video to users outside the agency or to other proprietary video systems. The lack of a communication path and incompatible data formats between systems creates significant challenges. These issues become even more pronounced when data from multiple systems in multiple agencies needs to be shared to provide complete understanding of the situation, such as in an emergency operations center (EOC), traffic management center (TMC), or public safety answering point (PSAP). When it comes to public safety and real-time situational awareness, connecting these systems to some degree is essential. To create interoperability, it is important that the data layer can identify the data you currently have and list the systems and data points that need to be shared with others outside the agency. For example, maybe a state department of transportation (DOT) desires to share video camera feeds with a local city or county, or maybe a police dispatch agency wants to share computer-aided dispatch (CAD) information with an adjoining jurisdiction. In most agencies, this is a vertical process connecting various data sets to communications systems and publishing information to end users within the same agency. For instance, a public safety department may need to connect a warrants database to the cellular broadband network to share information on a mobile data terminal in a police cruiser. There can also be demand for sharing data horizontally across multiple agencies—e.g., a fire department needs access to video streaming in real time at a store that has a reported fire. From a broader viewpoint, the list of data an agency has and the additional data it will need will likely require input from adjoining agencies, regional organizations, or state or national entities. The inventory of data sets will form the foundation discussions among agencies, focusing on the mutual benefits of information sharing. This focus will foster trust within and among agencies. Additionally, it will clarify what information can be shared and what needs to remain confidential. Identifying what data is important to your community, who has that information and controls the access, how to secure the desired information, and what systems need to be more interoperable is an important step in addressing this challenge.
The Integration Layer
Having identified the agencies that manage the key data elements and the systems requiring communication, the next step is addressing the integration layer. This layer’s function is to connect to disparate systems in the data layer and make the information accessible and shareable. The data layer recognizes there will always be separate systems that were not designed to share information. Similarly, the integration layer acknowledges that achieving interoperability by connecting systems and data sets at the individual agency level is neither prudent, scalable, manageable, nor realistic. Therefore, creating an integration layer with a select set of key applications or appliances that can consume and publish data—optimally in near real time—is the important connection between the data source and the delivery point, also known as the presentation layer. The integration layer must perform a minimum of five functions to enable interoperability:
- Discovery. When an end user requests information, their first step is discovery—identifying the agency or system that can provide the relevant data or services.
- Identity Management. This layer facilitates authentication to the data layer system, ensuring appropriate access while verifying identities and permissions. This is important for maintaining privacy and securing information.
- Data Exchange. The integration layer facilitates data exchange by consuming it in its native or proprietary format and then publishing it into a standards-based, consumable format for the presentation layer.
- Analytics. Analytical tools can parse the data to ensure that only the most accurate, timely, and relevant information is published.
- Transport. Source data is transported from the data layer, through the integration layer, and to the presentation layer via a communications network, which may impose additional capacity or formatting requirements.
Figure 2. Five Functions of the Integration Layer Diagram
Within the integration layer, data is accessed, aggregated, cleaned, and standardized. This process prepares the data for analysis, transport, and distribution. By refining and standardizing data elements, the integration layer establishes a strong foundation for interoperability, ensuring the data is more consumable across diverse end-user applications in the presentation layer. When publishing into the integration layer, it’s important to adhere to network requirements, maintain security, and comply with the appropriate data standards. Allowing data owners to define security levels and control access ensures that information is protected. This approach enables an operations center to securely host or share integration layer tools with pertinent stakeholders, providing near real-time situational awareness to support decision-making. These tools can also distribute information to the public when appropriate, and aid first responders within the incident command structure. In short, the integration layer facilitates secure, seamless data consumption for all end users—whether first responders, leadership teams, or the public—by establishing clear access parameters. Accomplishing this level of integration requires an experienced team with expertise not only in the technical aspects of interoperability but also in navigating the complex process challenges associated with data sharing across agencies and jurisdictions. These challenges may involve creating memorandums of understanding or similar agreements to formalize cooperation. Such a team can bridge the gap between siloed agencies by establishing relationships and building the trust necessary for effective information sharing. Additionally, they can leverage proven tools to work seamlessly with existing systems, mitigating risks and minimizing disruption to current workflows. The integration layer answers the questions of what, how, when, and where events are occurring, making it indispensable for public safety officials and the public during incidents. Key benefits of creating an integration layer are as follows:
- Improved access to data across agencies, jurisdictions, and disciplines
- Improved interoperability between systems
- Potential cost savings by sharing infrastructure across a larger user base
It is important to note that as a system becomes more shared, the importance of governance increases. A governance or oversight group is essential for any information-sharing initiative to equitably address issues as they arise. Working with a team that understands this dynamic can help ease concerns your agency may have about connecting systems to the integration layer.
The Presentation Layer
After identifying the desired data and implementing integration systems and tools, the information is ready for presentation to end users. The goal is to deliver vital information promptly and in applications preferred by end users. Successfully connecting the desired data to the integration layer and presenting it in a consumable way means you’ve achieved interoperability. The challenge of the presentation layer lies in effectively consuming the data published by the integration layer. Properly constructed Application Program Interfaces (APIs), connectors, and interfaces enable seamless delivery of integration layer data to various presentation layer applications and end users. The information can then be published via social networking tools, mobile apps, or mobile-friendly internet portals. Because information consumption varies greatly across individuals, organizations, and agencies, identifying presentation layer applications during the integration layer’s development ensures a seamless data transfer from the integration layer to the presentation layer tools.
How to Build the Interoperability Framework
When building the interoperability framework with the three layers, it is helpful to note that the data layer is already established. Multiple existing legacy systems generating data are installed in every agency. Similarly, much of the presentation layer is also established with end users leveraging mobile phones, applications, mobile data terminals, or laptops to access company or agency data. The primary technical challenge is building the required tools in the integration layer to accomplish the five necessary functions of that layer, enabling access to and transport of the data in a secure and timely fashion. Another significant challenge is working with data owners and consumers across multiagency or multijurisdictional environments. Success requires a shared vision, a commitment to change, and a sustained effort. The success of each layer depends on the ability to share information rapidly across agencies, jurisdictions, and disciplines. When people collaborate, they can implement processes that will connect existing technology with new applications or tools to be integrated in the future. Once an information-sharing process is agreed upon, the technology selected must align with and support that decision. Keep in mind, success depends on addressing people, processes, and technology—in that order. In “How to Design an Interoperability Plan,” we’ll discuss what goes into building the interoperability layers, how to implement your concept, and how to assess the results. With a firm understanding of each layer, you’re now better prepared to create and build your plan.
Skyline Technology Solutions Can Help!
Solving interoperability challenges and achieving real-time situational awareness requires creating architectural solutions based on the ability to share information. At Skyline, our innovative solutions for smart public safety and transportation technologies will help enhance situational awareness in ways that traditional operational models and infrastructure systems cannot. To learn more about how Skyline can help you advance your interoperability and real-time situational awareness through an integrated system, contact us.
John Contestabile, Director, Public Safety Solutions